Test of estimation of haemoglobin

Test for Estimation of Hemoglobin (Hemoglobinometry)

The estimation of hemoglobin is essential in assessing a person’s health, especially to detect conditions like anemia. One of the most common methods used is the Sahli’s (Acid Hematin) method. Below is the detailed procedure along with essential steps.

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Materials Required

1. Sahli’s Hemoglobinometer kit

• Graduated hemoglobin tube
• Comparator (color chart)
• Hemoglobin pipette (20 µl)
• Stirring rod

1. N/10 HCl (Dilute Hydrochloric Acid)
2. Distilled water
3. Lancet
4. Sterile cotton and spirit

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Principle of Sahli’s Method

In this method, hemoglobin in the blood is converted to acid hematin by adding dilute hydrochloric acid (N/10 HCl). The brown color of acid hematin is compared against a standard color chart, and the concentration of hemoglobin is read directly from the graduated tube.

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Procedure

1. Preparation

• Clean the fingertip with spirit and allow it to dry.
• Use a sterile lancet to prick the fingertip to obtain a drop of blood.

1. Sample Collection

• Draw 20 µl of blood using the hemoglobin pipette.
• Wipe any blood from the outer surface of the pipette.

1. Mixing with HCl

• Add N/10 HCl up to the 2-gram mark in the graduated hemoglobin tube.
• Transfer the blood from the pipette into the tube containing HCl.

1. Stirring and Waiting

• Mix thoroughly with the stirring rod to convert hemoglobin into acid hematin.
• Allow the mixture to stand for 5–10 minutes for complete conversion.

1. Color Matching and Reading

• Add distilled water dropwise while stirring until the color matches the standard on the comparator.
• Read the hemoglobin level directly from the graduated tube (in g/dL).

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Normal Hemoglobin Levels

• Males: 13–17 g/dL
• Females: 12–15 g/dL
• Children: 11–14 g/dL

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Precautions

• Ensure accurate measurement of blood with the pipette.
• Avoid contamination of blood and reagents.
• Clean the apparatus properly after use to avoid residue buildup.

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Other Methods for Hemoglobin Estimation

• Cyanmethemoglobin Method: Considered more accurate and used in laboratories.
• Hemoglobin Color Scale Method: A rapid, low-cost method suitable for field use.
• Automated Hematology Analyzer: Provides quick results and detailed blood parameters.

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This test is vital for detecting anemia and monitoring patients with chronic conditions or undergoing treatments like chemotherapy.

T.S of testis of Rabbit

T.S. (Transverse Section) of the Testis of Rabbit (Diagram & Explanation)

The testis of a rabbit is a male reproductive organ responsible for producing sperm and male hormones like testosterone. Below is a detailed description of the structures visible in a T.S. of the rabbit’s testis, which will help you understand the diagram.

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Key Components of T.S. of Rabbit Testis

1. Tunica Albuginea

• A thick, fibrous connective tissue capsule that surrounds the testis and provides protection.
• It divides the interior of the testis into lobules by forming inward septa.

1. Seminiferous Tubules

• Coiled tubules located within the lobules.
• Responsible for spermatogenesis (the production of sperm).
• The tubules are lined by germinal epithelium consisting of cells at different stages of sperm development.

1. Germinal Epithelium Layers

• The epithelium includes:
  • Spermatogonia: Immature germ cells near the basal lamina.
  • Primary and Secondary Spermatocytes: Cells undergoing meiosis.
  • Spermatids: Immature sperm precursors.
  • Spermatozoa: Mature sperm cells released into the lumen of the seminiferous tubule.

1. Sertoli Cells

• Tall, columnar cells within the seminiferous tubules that provide support and nourishment to developing sperm cells.

1. Interstitial (Leydig) Cells

• Found in the spaces between the seminiferous tubules.
• These cells secrete testosterone, which regulates male reproductive function and secondary sexual characteristics.

1. Lumen of Seminiferous Tubule

• The central cavity where mature spermatozoa are released before being transported to the epididymis.

1. Blood Vessels and Connective Tissue

• The spaces between the seminiferous tubules contain blood vessels, nerves, and Leydig cells.

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Diagram Annotations for T.S. of Testis of Rabbit

• Tunica Albuginea: Outer covering.
• Seminiferous Tubules: Coiled tubules within each lobule.
• Sertoli Cells: Embedded within the tubules.
• Spermatogenic Cells: Different stages of sperm development (spermatogonia, spermatocytes, spermatids, spermatozoa).
• Leydig Cells: Found between the tubules in the interstitial spaces.
• Lumen: Central part of the tubules where sperm are released.

(For a proper diagram, refer to a biology textbook or online resources by searching “T.S. of Rabbit Testis”.)

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Functions of the Rabbit Testis

1. Spermatogenesis: Production of sperm cells.
2. Secretion of Testosterone: Regulates sperm production and secondary sexual characteristics.
3. Transport of Sperm: Sperm produced in the seminiferous tubules is transported to the epididymis for maturation.

This structure highlights the complex nature of sperm production and hormone regulation in male reproductive physiology.